Claim: Many social media posts and news reports claim that the IMF in its April 2021 Fiscal Monitor document has downgraded Ghana’s economic classification to low-income status.
The classification of Ghana as a Low-Income Developing Country in the IMF’s April 2021 Fiscal Monitoring document is not a downgrade as it has been so in most of the IMF’s previous reports including those dating back to April 2017.
Full text
Many social media posts and news reports including those from NorvanReports, and Twitter users claim that Ghana has been downgraded from a Middle-Income Country to a Low-Income Country status.
The publications cited the IMF’s April 2021 Fiscal Monitor Report as the source of the information.
The 104-paged IMF document, published on April 1, 2021 presented an overview of the fiscal actions taken by various countries in response to COVID-19 and how they can get ahead of the pandemic and towards economic recovery.
Page 60 of the document listed Ghana amongst the low-income developing countries.
But does this confirm claims that the IMF has downgraded Ghana’s economic classification?
Verification
In authenticating the veracity of the claim, we assessed the IMF’s previous Fiscal Monitor report produced in October 2019 and noticed that on page 42, Ghana was already classified as a low-income developing country.
With the IMF’s Fiscal Monitor report produced twice each year, we went through all previous reports up to April 2017 and discovered that Ghana had consistently been listed as a low-income developing country in those reports.
This goes to make the case that there hasn’t been a downgrade of the country’s classification at least for the 10 previous reports examined.
Further verification
In response to an email inquiry, Senior Communication Officer at the IMF Press Office in Washington, US, Lucie Mboto Fouda said the classification of countries in the IMF’s Fiscal Monitor is solely for analytical purposes and cannot be related to the World Bank’s classification.
While the IMF document breaks down countries into three groupings, the World Bank, whose classification is also widely accepted, does its classification in four groupings.
“Please be advised that for analytical purposes, the IMF Fiscal Monitor breaks down countries into three groupings:
1) Advanced Economies;
2) Emerging Market and Middle-Income Economies; and
3) Low-Income Developing Countries.
This analytics classification is not new and it does not have an effect on the eligibility on the classified countries’ access to IMF or World Bank facilities,” she indicated.
We observe that in the World Bank’s classification, Ghana is listed as a lower-middle income country.
‘World Bank’s classification a better measure’
Professor Kwesi Quartey, the Director of the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana, explained in a separate phone interview that there may be confusion between the World Bank’s classification and the IMF’s classification.
“The world bank classifies countries according to their per capita income so if your income is above a certain threshold, then you are classified as a middle income or if it is above a certain threshold then you are a low-income country…According to the world bank classification, we are a low-middle income country…”
“The IMF classification looks at fiscal data whereas the World Bank classification looks at income per capita, in other words, your GDP (total income), if we were to share it equally across the population, what will be each person’s share and that is what we call per capita income.”
Prof. Quartey, however, said he believes the World Bank’s classification presents a better profile of a country’s economic status as the IMF’s classification is “a narrow way of defining a country in terms of its economic status.”
Per the World Bank’s latest country classification update of July 1, 2020, Ghana remains a low-middle income country. It is among the 50 countries of the world in that category.
The claimants appear to be basing their claim on the erroneous assumption that Ghana, a known lower-middle-income country (According to the World Bank) is now a low-income developing country (According to the IMF).
This is wrong because the two classifications are independent of each other and calculated differently by the two separate organizations.
Conclusion
Our findings from about 10 previous Fiscal Monitor reports of the IMF show that Ghana has consistently been classified as a low-Income developing country; hence, it is false to claim that the 2021 report shows a downgrading of Ghana’s economic classification.
