Coronavirus

  • COVID-19 related claims by Ghanaian man in a 17-minute video debunked

    Full text

    In a 17-minute 5-second video posted by Tino Media on Facebook, an unseen man who is heard speaking in a local Ghanaian language (Twi), alleges that the purpose for the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccines is targeted at the elimination of Africans. He makes this main claim with about 13 other related claims in the video. The video is accompanied by an inscription in the post which reads “Do not take any vaccine; it is not safe. I think the vaccine must be investigated very well before vaccination.”

    The video, which has a thumbnail of Ghana’s president receiving his jab of the COVID-19 vaccine, has generated a number of comments from the public, most of them thanking the claimant for the awareness and stating that they will subsequently not be vaccinated.

    Dubawa translated the narration of the claimant in the 17-minute 5-second video from Twi to English to give more context to the claims.  The summary reads below as follows;

    Interviewer: Let me welcome you. Before we get to our president, I’m sure you have seen some videos circulating about a nurse on the frontline deciding to be injected and in less than 3minutes, she collapsed. Now they stopped the camera men that were around. I will say she died. And a second video of a guy singlehandedly saying that Islamic is against abortion, and the medicines that are being done are as though you’re having family planning.

    Claimant: COVID-19 is not “CoronaVirus Disease released in the year 2019’’ that’s what they’ve said for a lot of people to believe. It’s real name is Certificate of Vaccination Identity and the 19 stands for AI. When you take the English alphabets which stands for Artificial Intelligence so it is a Certificate of Vaccination Identity using Artificial Intelligence. Bill Gates has a patent for this called Radio Frequency Identity. It is a chip. They use a material which looks liquid but when it gets inside you, it is an artificial intelligence. It is called a nano technology. It spreads throughout the system and you become an agent so that when you are being looked for, you will be found easily. If they put the satellite and the 5G in you, they will find you. This kind of vaccination identity. The Bill Gates RFID technology that he did, if you do something and you don’t want anyone to steal it, you go for something called a patent to protect it. We have two types of patents. The American type is called A, and the global type is called WO. Bill Gates is American and with the RFID, he went with the WO because he knows he is doing it for the whole world. So his number is WO 06, 06 06. He has put the 0’s there so you don’t identify it as 666. So the number is World Patent Number WO 666 and there are zeros in between so you do not recognise it. Someone who is Christian shouldn’t take it because it is an anti-Christ sign which the Bible talks about that if you get that sign you can’t travel, engage in business, you can’t do anything. Right now, the pandemic didn’t work like how they expected it to. Bill Gates’ wife said that we will die like soldier ants in hundreds and thousands and they said about 35 million Africans would die but it didn’t happen that way. If it had happened the way they expected it, we would have all been rushed to take the vaccine . Vaccine was done in 2015 not today. They started during the Lockstep 2010 document that I brought so the vaccine was done between 2010 and 2015. Covid is also something from micro organisms -one is from HIV that they did to kill Africans in South Africa and the second one is the SARS-2. So it’s the HIV and SARS which is called a hybrid COVID-19. Now the COVID-19, when you look into it, the number of people who have died outside America is just a few. In America, when someone dies and you show a death certificate stating COVID-19, then they give you 19,000 free. There are a lot of doctors, some have died with asthma, some have died with blood pressure, some have died with cancer but you check their death certificate and you see COVID-19 on it because he is going to get 19, 000 in exchange. They did that because they wanted  the numbers to be high so they alert everyone on the high number of COVID-19 so people take the vaccine. China has 1.2 billion people being the first country to have gotten this virus, but not a lot of people died but why is that America with all their sophisticated technology had so many people dying -they are lying. So the American figures are a fake, okay. So that’s the COVID-19 story which didn’t work. They said if it doesn’t work, they will bring another one which is more dangerous and this will be a tribrid which means you are combining three things-the HIV Aids and the two SARS and then they added MERS, Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome. They said that will kill a lot of people in order for people to take the vaccine. The whole point of this is the vaccination, that is the endgame. So even though the virus didn’t have as much impact as they wanted, if you realise they have brought a new strain, which spreads fast. They have brought it to California and London. In London, it is Africans that they are looking for cause they know Ghanaians are travelling, South Africans are travelling, Nigerians are travelling, West Africans go to London so no matter what, if they take it there and an African gets affected, or someone coming from there can bring it to Africa. So yesterday, before he spoke, I did a tape for the president telling him that I beg him before he talks, he should close airlines. As I speak, Belgium and Holland have stopped planes from Britain from landing. They said they wouldn’t let them land because of the deadly strain of the COVID-19. I sent it to the president, he didn’t listen. So the pictures you sent us, that wasn’t all. There were a lot of people that took photos showing the syringe on their skin but it had been closed, that is also going round. If you’re going to inject someone, there is already medicine in the syringe and many people including CNN when because they know we know what is going on, they took close shots. The syringe has already been closed. There are a lot of photos showing we are being deceived. Number 2 they said they were going to let some leaders take the shots first. If the leader comes and it is only sea water in the syringe, how will you know. They come into public to take the shots with nothing in the syringe. Yesterday a lady went to take the vaccine and she said she was okay. We saw another clip of the COVID vaccine where it was written ‘not for use in Canada, america and europe’. Why is this so, that means you know where it is supposed to go. So it has been divided so don’t think that when you see that a white person has been vaccinated and is okay, you the black person will be fine, they are lying. Even if a Ghanaian says they have taken the shots and are okay, don’t believe it because the country they are in, it is different from the vaccines they are receiving. And also, those vaccinating know the vaccine to give to black people abroad when they go to take the vaccine you are not there, so if they go take the vaccine meant for Africans, you won’t know so if you are injected. Oh yesterday, 200 people were injected, only one was complaining. It is not like that, the one complaining received a different vaccine that’s why it is like that. 

    Also they have given them legal immunity, there are restaurant people who put a signup that you eat at your risk. How is that government yesterday Britain brought out an instruction for covid 19 that read that if you are injected and you die, that is your own problem, you can’t sue any pharmaceutical company. They have been given legal immunity. The vaccines they have brought, they have written on it that if you’re injected and there is a problem, don’t ask them. America, Britain and Europe have all signed a contract with them. In Britain or America, about 100 people got injected. They gave everyone 100,000 dollars for a non disclosure agreement that says if you are vaccinated and something happens to you don’t tell anyone to become a problem. And in case you die, we can’t be sued or if you get a reaction. Also in Holland, Netherlands, 87, 000 nurses have signed petitions to not be vaccinated. It’s the health workers who would have been vaccinated for us to confirm that the vaccine was okay. The nurse who got vaccinated, 17 minutes later and she fainted. They couldn’t find her to bring her forward to speak so if it is someone else who was brought to us to speak or if she survived, we don’t know. When she fell down, we all saw it. So the nurses in Holland said they won’t be vaccinated. Also they said they love Africans so much so we should be the first to take the vaccines. They don’t want us to suffer or die. So in California and about 10 states of the US said Blacks and Spanish people should be the first to be vaccinated and they said they are joking. 

    Melinda Gates also said that she doesn’t want the poor nations to be cheated so we should start with the poor nations. Do you think we are kids? So let everyone know that it is Black people they are looking for. We are 728 billion people on the planet, they want to reduce it to 500 million which is 0.5 billion. Nobody is doing politics. We have already explained that before the HIV-Aids virus and Sars 2 virus come together to be one, in the natural world it will take over a 100 million years. It won’t happen. It is absolutely impossible. They did this in Fort Detrick in America. Please the 2010 lockstep document that I brought, go and read it. It is in there. And they took it to Winnipeg Canada and they moved from there to Wuhan, and they went to the game market where they sell animals called wet market. That is why they did it like an accident. They are lying, it is from Fort Detrick in America. So the person who did the virus is doing the vaccine and asking people to be injected, who is the wicked person?

    We fact-checked the claims identified in the video.

    Claim 1: COVID-19 is not “CoronaVirus Disease released in the year 2019’’ but it’s real name is Certificate of Vaccination Identity using Artificial Intelligence.

    COVID-19 stands for Coronavirus Disease 2019 and there is no accessible evidence of COVID-19 being an acronym indicating vaccination identity or artificial intelligence. 

    Verification

    The disease was named in February 2020 before a vaccine was found in 2020. On 11 February 2020, the Director-General of the World Health Organisation (WHO), Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus announced the name of the novel Coronavirus to be COVID-19. According to a WHO publication on 11 February 2020, the name COVID-19 was chosen following best practices and did not refer to a geographical location, an animal, an individual, or group of people in order to avoid inaccuracy and stigma associated with the disease.

    The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also stated the meaning of COVID-19 in a publication on 1 September 2020. The statement reads;

    “The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19. In COVID-19, ‘CO’ stands for ‘corona,’ ‘VI’ for ‘virus,’ and ‘D’ for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as ‘2019 novel coronavirus’ or ‘2019-nCoV.”

    Claim 2: Bill Gates has a trackable microchip in vaccines through a RFID

    Bill Gates has not designed an RFID and has no trackable microchips implanted in vaccines.

    Verification

    According to an investigation by Logically, the Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) which uses radio waves to read and capture information stored in an object was not designed by Bill Gates.

    “Bill Gates did not design or patent radio-frequency identification (RFID) chips. One of the first such patents was taken out in the 1970s by Charles Walton, who went to Cornell, and Mario W. Cardullo. No single individual may take credit for all of the technological advances that lead up to the ultimate development of RFID,” the report read.

    Furthermore, Bill Gates has denied this claim on countless occasions. In a media interview reported by USAToday announcing a $1.6 billion in funding for immunization in poor countries, Gates stated that he has never been involved in any sort of microchipping conspiracy.

    “In a way, it’s so bizarre you almost want to see it as something humorous, but it’s really not a humorous thing,” he said. “It’s almost hard to deny this stuff because it’s so stupid or strange that even to repeat it gives it credibility,” Gates said.

    The Bill and Melinda Gates foundation also debunked this claim to the BBC.

    The claim is suspected to have emerged from two possible sources. Firstly, in March 2020, Bill Gates announced the need for “digital certificates” to identify recovered, tested, and vaccinated persons against COVID-19. However, no mention was made of microchips or an RFID technology implanted in vaccines. 

    The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation explained that “The reference to ‘digital certificates’ relates to efforts to create an open-source digital platform with the goal of expanding access to safe, home-based testing.”

    Also, a partly funded research by Bill and Melinda Gates on a technology to store vaccine records while being vaccinated through an invisible dye developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, may also have led to this claim. However, the research shows that the technology is not a trackable microchip.

    “The technology is not a microchip and is more like an invisible tattoo. It has not been rolled out yet, would not allow people to be tracked and personal information would not be entered into a database,” according to a scientist involved in the study, Ana Jaklenec.

    Claim 3: Bill Gates’ wife said that we will die like soldier ants in hundreds and thousands and they said about 35 million Africans would die but it didn’t happen that way. 

    There is no evidence of Melinda Gates saying Africans will die in hundreds and thousands from the pandemic, however, there is evidence of Melinda Gates  stating the possible dire effects the pandemic will have on Africans due to poor infrastructure.

    Verification

    In a CNN interview with Melinda Gates from last year April 2020, which has been taken out of context by many social media posts to fit the claim, Melinda Gates stated that from her experience and foundation work in Africa, she had concerns for how Africa would deal with the pandemic with some communities having poor conditions such as unclean water and slums. 

    “It’s going to be horrible in the developing world. The reason the case numbers don’t look very bad is because they don’t have access to tests. Look at Ecuador, they are putting bodies out on the street, you’re going to see that in countries in Africa,” Gates said

    Also, all associated claims alleging that Melinda Gates’ husband, Bill Gates, has also mentioned the death or reduction of population have been taken out of context and debunked by a number of fact-checkers. For example, no evidence has been found on Bill Gates saying at least 3 billion people need to die. Similarly, the claim that Bill Gates has said that 700,000 people will be killed or permanently disabled by COVID-19 vaccines is false.

    In a report by Reuters in April 2020, however, there is evidence of the United Nations Economic Commision for Africa (UNECA) estimating that about 300,000 Africans (not 35 million as the claim states) will die in the pandemic.

    “The COVID-19 pandemic will likely kill at least 300,000 Africans and risks pushing 29 million into extreme poverty, the U.N. Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) said on Friday, calling for a $100 billion safety net for the continent,” the report read.

    Claim 4: COVID-19 vaccine was done between 2010 and 2015 not today, as shown in a Lockstep 2010 document. 

    Verdict:

    There has been no known COVID-19 vaccine till trials for a COVID-19 vaccine started in 2020. 

    Verification

    According to the WHO, trials for a COVID-19 vaccine started in 2020

    In the 2010 lockstep document titled “Scenarios for the Future of Technology and International Development” cited by the claimant to document the vaccine manufacturing, no mention of vaccines is made. On page 18 of the document, which contains the chapter on the ‘Lockstep’ as a Scenario Narrative,  it shows a simulation exercise projecting the need for the advancement of technology. In the simulated scenario of a pandemic, other technological innovations were predicted and not a vaccine.

    Claim 5: COVID-19 is a hybrid of HIV and SARS-2

    There is no found evidence to prove this claim.

    Verification

    According to the CDC, COVID-19 is a new disease caused by a novel Coronavirus that has previously not been seen in humans. Even though the exact source of the outbreak of COVID-19 is still unknown, it is known that it started from an animal, which is likely to be a bat. The CDC further explains that COVID-19 belongs to a family of Coronaviruses which are common in people and many different species of animals, including camels, cattle, cats, and bats. They add that COVID-19 is a beta coronavirus, like MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, where these viruses have their origins in bats.

    Human coronaviruses include some that commonly cause mild upper-respiratory tract illnesses, while animal coronaviruses rarely infect people and later spread between people such as in the cases of two earlier coronaviruses, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV.

    Claim 6: In America, when someone dies and a death certificate stating COVID-19 is shown, one receives 19,000 for free. There are a lot of doctors, who have died with asthma, with blood pressure, and with cancer but when you check their death certificate, you will see COVID-19 on it because they are going to get 19,000 in exchange. 

    Many Americans who died from COVID-19 are shown to have had contributing conditions to their death on their death certificates where necessary. There have been no public reports that hospitals or individuals are receiving 19,000 for COVID-19 deaths. 

    Verification

    According to a report by the CDC in August 2020, only 6% of deaths had COVID-19 as the cause while the remaining 94% of people who died from COVID-19 had other health conditions and contributing causes top among them being influenza and pneumonia, respiratory failure, hypertensive disease, diabetes, vascular and unspecified dementia, cardiac arrest, heart failure, renal failure, intentional and unintentional injury, poisoning and other adverse events, and other medical conditions.

    The CDC adds that the numbers are based on death certificates, which according to them are the most reliable source of data. 

    “Death certificates reportedly contain information that is not available anywhere else and includes comorbid conditions, race and ethnicity and place of death,” as reported by News Channel 8.

    Furthermore, in a detailed investigation by FOX 11 Channel in America on how death counts are done and if hospitals received more money for COVID-19 deaths, the claims were debunked. For example, the Wisconsin Department of Health Services says it follows the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s guidelines for counting COVID-19 deaths which includes counting deaths that list COVID-19 as both an immediate and underlying cause of death. Additionally, Calumet County’s medical examiner, Mike Klaeser and Bellin Health Physician Dr. Robert Mead both agreed that COVID-19 can be listed as the immediate or underlying cause of death on a certificate making the CDC’s data accurate.

    Concerning the payment of money for COVID-19 deaths, the US government provided a coronavirus relief legislation which created a 20% premium, or add-on, for COVID-19 Medicare patients only. This 20% add-on from the CARES Act is only for services provided by hospitals (and not deaths as claimed) which are averaged to be about $35,000 per patient on a ventilator. There have been no public reports that hospitals or individuals are receiving 19,000 for COVID-19 deaths.

    Claim 7: As I speak, Belgium and Holland have stopped planes from Britain from landing 

    Even though UK flights were banned for a few days in Belgium and Holland in December, it is unclear when exactly the claimant made those claims. However, when the video was posted in March, those travel bans had been lifted by both countries. 

    Verification

    In December 2020, several news reports such as from the BBC, France 24 and Sky News showed that the European Union including Belgium and Holland temporarily banned flights from the UK as a precautionary measure to prevent the new variant of COVID-19 found in the UK from entering their borders.

    In Belgium, the ban on UK flights lasted for two days on 21 and 22 December, 2020, while in Holland, the ban is stated by the government to have lasted from 20 December to latest 1 January 2021.

    Claim 8: We are being deceived because there are  a lot of photos showing the syringe on people’s skin but it has been closed.

    The photos in circulation are a demonstration and not the real vaccination.

    Verification

    This claim has been debunked by Teyit in Turkey and published  by Poynter, explaining that all such photos and videos in circulation which started from Twitter are only a demonstration of the process, not the actual vaccination.

    Claim 9: There is a COVID vaccine which states ‘Not for use in Canada, America, and Europe.’ 

    The claim in question has already been debunked by Dubawa.

    Verification

    In our investigations, we found that the vaccine being associated with this claim is ‘Remdesivir’, which in truth, is not even a COVID-19 vaccine, more so a vaccine specially made for Africans. Remdesivir is an antiviral drug found helpful in treating COVID-19 patients which shortened recovery periods. The drug has generic versions which have the same components (such as Covifor) produced for countries in other regions of the world, including Africa. 

    Gilead, the manufacturers of Remdesivir, explained that the inscription that the drug is not to be distributed in the U.S, Canada, and European Union countries, only indicated restrictions in where the licensees of the drug could distribute it. A spokesperson at Hetero Labs (one of the companies to ensure the distribution of the drug in 127 countries) similarly explained that it was to prevent it from being sold illegally on the black market.

    “We think that this photo is part of a malicious campaign to create confusion around this drug,” the Hetero Labs spokesperson said. 

    Claim 10: America, Britain, and Europe have signed a contract with pharmaceutical companies giving them legal immunity. 

    Some pharmaceutical companies have been given legal immunity from American, British, and European governments. 

    Verification

    In America, a CNBC report shows that the U.S government has granted pharmaceutical companies such as Pfizer and Moderna immunity to lawsuits in situations where something unexpected goes wrong with their vaccines. This, according to a Dallas labor and employment attorney, Rogge Dunn, is very rare for such a blanket immunity law to be passed. This is because pharmaceutical companies are not offered much liability protection under the law. 

    “If  you experience severe side effects after getting a Covid vaccine, lawyers tell CNBC there is basically no one to blame in a U.S. court of law,” the report stated. 

    Similarly, in Britain, an Independent report , shows that the UK government has given Pfizer protection from being sued ahead of the roll out of its vaccine across the country. 

    However in Europe, a Reuters report revealed that under different terms to a deal struck with Sanofi, European governments will bear some of the cost of claims of side-effects from AstraZeneca’s potential COVID-19 vaccine, however, above an agreed limit. 

    “Unexpected side-effects after a drug has regulatory approval are rare, but the speed at which a COVID-19 vaccine is being pursued increases the risks of unforeseen conditions. The deal with AstraZeneca, which shifts some of the risks involved in the roll-out of a vaccine to taxpayers, was struck in August and its liability clauses have not previously been reported,” the report added.

    Prior to this, the Financial Times reported that European pharmaceutical companies’ vaccines had lobbied to the European Union for their members to be protected from lawsuits in case of any problems with the vaccines, given the speed and scale of development of vaccines which may have inevitable risks.

    Claim 11: 87,000 nurses in the Netherlands, Holland, have signed petitions to not be vaccinated.

    This has been proven to be misleading as the numbers are a speculation based on a poll.

    Verification

    According to a fact-check  by VoxCheck Ukraine and Netherlands published on Poynter there has been no official refusal by medical staff to get COVID-19 vaccine in the Netherlands. The check concluded that the numbers are a speculation based on a poll conducted on plans of the government to offer the first vaccine to health workers, the elderly and people with underlying health conditions.

    In this report by DutchNews for example, it revealed that a survey conducted showed that only one third of the members of nursing union Nu’91 say they will not accept being vaccinated against coronavirus while just over a third (36%) said they would agree to be vaccinated and the rest were not sure.

    In total, 3,300 out of 30,000 union members took part in the survey, which highlights the different attitudes to the vaccine across the medical sector. 

    Claim 12: The nurse who fainted on camera after being vaccinated died as they couldn’t find her to bring her forward to speak after.

    The nurse who fainted during a live press interview after receiving a COVID-19 vaccination jab on 17 December 2020 is alive and was revived shortly after her fainting.

    Verification

    The nurse, Tiffany Dover is a critical care nurse at Catholic Health Initiatives (CHI) Memorial Hospital in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Both Dover herself and CHI Memorial Hospital have confirmed that she is alive and well. 

    After her live press interview which showed her fainting, in an interview with WRCB Chattanooga, Dover explained that she has a history of overactive vagal response that causes her to feel weak, dizzy and disoriented when she experiences pain, which was what happened after she was injected with the vaccine which subsequently made her faint.

    “I feel fine now, and the pain in my arm is very minimal, actually,” Dover said.

    Furthermore, CHI Memorial Hospital has stated a number of times that Dover is alive and well. On 19 December, the hospital confirmed this in a tweet,

    “Nurse Tiffany Dover appreciates the concern shown for her. She is home and doing well. She asks for privacy for her and her family,” the hospital said.  

    The hospital also showed a video of Dover and her colleagues at work

    In addition, the vice president of marketing communications at CHI Memorial Hospital, Lisa McCluskey, told Associated Press that the claims stating Dover is dead are bogus. She further confirmed that Dover was feeling well and was working a shift at the hospital that day 21 December. 

    Claim 13: California and about 10 states of the US said Blacks and Spanish people should be the first to be vaccinated and Melinda Gates also said that she doesn’t want the poor nations to be cheated, so we should start with the poor nations.

    There have been no reports by American states indicating Blacks and Hispanics must be vaccinated first. Rather, priority is given to health workers and persons with underlying health conditions across the country with Blacks and Hispanics forming a low percentage.

    Verification

    While a report from the Washington Post shows that not many US states are recording racial and ethnical data to assess the fair distribution of vaccines, a report from Reuters also shows that Blacks and Hispanics are receiving a smaller portion of vaccines among the representation among healthcare workers and nursing home residents which are part of the priority groups for the COVID-19 inoculation.

    The Reuters report stated the data from the CDC which revealed the percentages of vaccination among Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites. 

    “Blacks received 5.4% of shots reported with race/ethnicity data, despite national data showing they made up 16% of healthcare workers and 14% of nursing home residents, two groups prioritized for the first wave of vaccinations. Hispanics received 11.5% of the shots, according to the available data, while making up 13% of healthcare workers and 5% of nursing home residents. Whites received 60.4% of shots and accounted for 60% of healthcare workers and 75% of nursing home residents”.

    This claim which has been mischaracterized and also attributed to Melinda Gates stating that Blacks need the vaccines first, has also been debunked by Reuters. 

    Melinda Gates mentioned in an interview with Time magazine in 2020 that in the US, Black people and many people of colour should be considered next in priority for vaccination after health care workers, given the disproportionate effects of COVID-19 on Black people. 

    Conclusion

    The claims in the 17-minute 5-second video made by the Twi-speaking man have a single narrative to pitch vaccines against Africans or the Black community. Most of these claims, circulating in other countries already and have already been investigated in detail by other fact-checkers, were found to be false. However, the claims which were found to be true are misleadingly placed in the context of discussion to dissuade Africans from being vaccinated while the rest of the claims remain unsupported and unproven by evidence. The claimant makes a few true, and a lot of false and unsubstantiated claims about the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccines

  • A 45-Days Post-Covid-19 Inoculation Alcohol Abstinence has not Been Advised By Health Experts

    Claim: Do not consume alcohol for 45 days after the Covid-19 vaccination.

    Overall, alcohol consumption has been proven to have potential negative effects on general health. However, while it is recommended to refrain from alcohol consumption some days before and after the jab, a 45-days alcohol fast has not been advised by the institutions at the forefront of the Covid-19 pandemic fight. In Ghana, the FDA recommends a two-days abstinence before and after vaccination.

    Full Text

    Messages circulating on social media purport that individuals who have been inoculated against Covid-19 should not consume alcohol for up to 45 days after vaccination. One such message on Facebook, in the form of a newspaper article shared by a user, cites one M.K Sudarshan, chairman of the State’s Technical Advisory Committee, as the originator of the said claim.  Sudarshan, according to the article, said alcohol consumption affects ‘immune response’ to the vaccine as observed in other vaccines in the past.

    Image source: Facebook User

    Verification

    Our initial searches revealed that this claim is from an original report by The Hindu, a daily paper and E-paper publication, in January 2021. The article references M.K. Sudarshan, Chairman of the State’s Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) who stated that after taking the jab, alcohol should be avoided for 45 days. 

    “Consumption of alcohol is known to affect the immune response. This has been seen in other vaccines…,” Sudarshan said.

    According to Sudarshan, consuming alcohol will inhibit the function of the liver, and especially in people who have been vaccinated, cause the immune system to be compromised, thereby rendering the vaccine ineffective.

    Dubawa spoke to officials at the Food And Drugs Authority (FDA) in Ghana who indicated that it is recommended that individuals who take the Covid-19 vaccines abstain from taking alcohol.

    “When you are about to take the vaccine, we advise that you suspend alcohol intake. Alcohol has a potential to interrupt the vaccine’s performance and so we advise that you avoid it two days before and two days after.”

    We again spoke to Mr Jacob Andoh, Public Relations Officer at Ghana Health Service (GHS), who when asked whether people should avoid alcohol up to 45 days after the Covid-19 vaccine is administered, referred to experts’ advice.

    “According to our experts, it’s not true,” Andoh said.

    Dubawa also found that the institutions at the forefront of the Covid-19 pandemic and release of vaccine related information, World Health Organisation (WHO),The Food And Drugs Administration (FDA) and The Center For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have not released any guidelines pertaining to the consumption of alcohol after the Covid-19 vaccine administration nor warned against alcohol intake after vaccination.

    Various online news outlets have also investigated the claim and have arrived at varied positions.  

    TheTime of India outlines in its checks pertaining to the claim that “alcohol has not been scientifically proven to be bad for vaccination” and therefore, it can not be said to render Covid-19 vaccines ineffective.

    Times Now News also concluded that there is no evidence of association between alcohol intake and the efficacy of the Covid-19 vaccine. However, the report cautions that alcohol intake is injurious to health and it is especially not advised for people who demonstrate side effects like fatigue, pains in the arm, and fever after being vaccinated.

    Other publications have also warned that excessive  alcohol consumption can mask the side effects of the vaccine and should therefore be controlled or taken in moderation.

    Studies like Klaus W, Lange and Yukiko Nakamura’s 2020 study titled, Movement and Nutrition in Covid-19, suggests that “…lifestyle-related factors, such as reducing smoking rates and limiting alcohol intake, are also important in decreasing disruptive effects on immune functioning and improving ability to overcome infection.”

    Additionally, we were unable to identify any clinical tests or research that suggest this although there is scientific evidence that excessive alcohol consumption can be dangerous, affect the immune system, and is not recommended for general health reasons.

    Conclusion

    From our findings, there is no recommendation from health experts including the WHO for people to avoid alcohol 45 days post-vaccination. However, some authorities advise that people avoid alcohol two days before the vaccine and two days after. 

  • WHO Response Alliance launches Viral Fact to counter COVID-19 misinformation

    The World Health Organisation (WHO) Africa Infodemic Response Alliance (AIRA) officially launches its social media arm known as Viral Facts Africa. 

    Viral Facts Africa was launched at a workshop on health communications for leading African influencers from business, sports, the arts and the media hosted by the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, the African Union, the Rockefeller Foundation, Access Challenge and WHO. 

    Amid the growing spread of COVID-19 and related misinformation in the African continent, the Africa Infodemic Response Alliance (AIRA) initiative was born to combat misinformation related to the pandemic.

    This alliance launched in December 2020 with 12 organisations, brings together the Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, International Federation of the Red Cross and Red crescent (IFRC), UNICEF, UNESCO, UN Verified, UN Global Pulse, WHO and the fact checking organisations Africa Check, PesaCheck, Agence France Presse Fact Check, Dubawa and Meedan.

    Today, the Alliance has grown to include 14 organisations with Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance and Ghana Fact joining the fold.

    VIral Facts Africa is a WHO-hosted network that is part of the Africa Infodemic Response Alliance (AIRA), to coordinate actions and pool resources to combat misinformation and fill information gaps around the COVID-19 pandemic and other health emergencies in Africa.

    “False claims can spread faster than COVID-19 itself, often because they are simple, visual and tap into our emotions. Viral Facts Africa aims to debunk myths right where they spread, fast, and to help people sort life-saving facts from noise. Together, we can stop viral rumours by sharing viral facts,” Dr Matshidiso Moeti, WHO Regional Director for Africa, was quoted as saying in the press release.

    Viral Facts creates scientific fact-based information, fact-checks, debunks and misinformation literacy content that are highly visual, engaging, and shareable across social platforms.

    “COVID-19 is not over, and as vaccines are rolled out across Africa, mask wearing, hand hygiene and physical distancing are still key to saving lives. We need a whole-of-society push to keep these messages fresh in people’s minds and everyone has a role to play as viral health misinformation costs lives,” said Dr Moeti.

    To achieve this, Viral fact works with communities to co-design and disseminate it’s contents on different social media platforms.

    Follow Viral Facts Africa on Facebook @http://facebook.com/viralfacts, on Twitter @http://twitter.com/viralfacts, and on Instagram @http://instagram.com/viralfactsafro.

  • False: The little boy in yellow is NOT the Covid-19 vaccine inventor.

    Claim: The little boy in yellow is the Pfizer/BioNtech Covid-19 vaccine inventor.

    False. The picture as a whole is not the family picture of the Covid-19 vaccine inventor and neither is the little boy in yellow with no shoes Ugur Sahin

    Full text

    A Turkish-German husband-and-wife team of researchers, Ugur Sahin and Özlem Türeci have taken over many news headlines as pacesetters in the race to invent coronavirus vaccines. 

    Dr. Sahin is the Chief Executive Officer of BioNTech, a German biotech company, which along with its Pfizer partner from the United States, developed the coronavirus vaccine.

    An image, making the rounds on WhatsApp and other social media platforms as seen below claims that the image, a man, woman and four children, is the family portrait of Dr. Ugur Sahin. The text specifically states that the little boy in yellow and wearing no shoes is Dr. Sahin.

    Image source: WhatsApp 

    Verification

    Although the picture does have Turkish roots, it is not the family of Ugur Sahin as the text suggests. 

    The viral image first circulated in 2020 and was debunked by a Turkish International Fact-checking Network (IFCN) signatory fact-checking organisation, Teyin and later in December 2020 by other platforms like Indiatoday.in

    The photo can be found on ArtReview from their March 2017 issue of ArtReview where it is stated that the photo was taken by German photographer Candida Höfer. This is also the case in Artjournal and harvardartmuseums.orgs, exhibition which also links the photo to Höfer.

    According to a Newyork times report, Ugar Sahin is from İskenderun in Turkey. The photo in question, however, is said to be that of a family that immigrated from Aksaray to Düsseldorf, Germany.

    According to DiasporaTürk  on Twitter which is an online community dedicated to collecting and documenting stories relating to Turkish immigrants in Europe, the photo in question is not Sahin’s family picture. According to them, the grandchild of the family in the photo reached out to them and shared stories on how their family migrated to Germany and how the boy in yellow grew to be a lathe-leveling master.

    Image source: DiasporaTurk, Twitter

    Conclusion

    The picture is not that of Dr. Sahin’s family as suggested.

  • Fighting the pandemic and the infodemic: A year of COVID-19 Misinformation in Ghana

    Exactly a year has gone by since the World Health Organisation (WHO) announced on 11 March 2020 that the COVID-19 outbreak had officially become a global pandemic. Unfortunately, Ghanaians had very little time to process this information and its implications on their way of life, as the next day, 12 March 2020, the country recorded her first two COVID-19 cases

    The anxiety, uncertainty and quest to unravel this mystery of a novel Coronavirus shifted the pandemic beyond a health crisis to an information crisis which the WHO describes as an infodemic. In view of this, the launch of Dubawa in Ghana on 25 February 2020 has been considered felicitous in its timely contribution to fighting the COVID-19 infodemic that besieged the world jointly with the COVID-19 pandemic. 

    Ghana’s fight against the pandemic 

    The WHO advised on a number of global COVID-19 transmission and protective measures, many of which the government of Ghana, through periodic updates by the President, instituted. Among the various interventions implemented to help combat the spread of COVID-19, the country went under a partial lockdown to reduce physical movements while fumigating markets centres and institutions. Also, while the government increased the COVID-19 testing capacity to facilitate the case count and identify all infected people for treatment, there were also restrictions on mass gatherings and physical contacts, such as hand-shakes, a compulsory wearing of masks in public places directive, and the washing and sanitizing of hands protocol. 

    During this period, many scientific interventions were also being investigated as some Ghanaian institutions contributed in the capacities that they could. Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research and WACCBIP, for example, were among the frontline research centres studying the mutability of the virus in the Ghanaian context while a number of local manufacturers produced hand sanitizers and face masks, face shields and protective gowns to help mitigate the spread of the virus.

    By the end of 2020, there was news of international vaccines that had passed approval from the WHO. Consequently, in February 2021, Ghana received the first consignment of vaccines from the COVAX facility, to facilitate the government’s nation-wide vaccination agenda which started on March 2, 2021 and is currently on-going.

    Dubawa’s fight against the infodemic 

    While governments, scientists and health workers were (and still are) diversely fighting the spread of the virus, fact-checkers have also since the outbreak of the pandemic waded in to fight the spread of misinformation and disinformation to control its effect on the public. By reviewing scientific research, consulting health experts, and using the (non) validation of the WHO and CDC on emerging topics, Dubawa investigated several COVID-19 related claims including conspiracy theories, purported preventive measures, purported cures, the virus’ transmissibility through temperature, second-hand clothing, public transport, sewage systems, and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients, the recovery status of COVID-19 patients,  political allegations on the former president and sitting president, and a host of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation – most of which were found to be falsehood stemming from people’s anxiety about the novelty of the virus, their uncertainty about cures, treatment and vaccines, or their sheer mischief to deceive others. 

    Furthermore, collectively, Dubawa and the government of Ghana, cautioned on the dangers of COVID-19 misinformation, as Dubawa provided Ghanaians with verified COVID-19 information as well as basic tips on fact-checking via the Ministry of Information’s press briefing platform. This platform enabled Dubawa to reach a wider Ghanaian audience on both online media  and mainstream media including airing of findings on national television. 

    Retrospectively, as Ghana joins the world to reflect on the eventfulness of the COVID-19 year from the onset of the pandemic till date, concerns are also growing on the emerging implications the present global vaccination agenda brings in relation to the introduction of a vaccine passport. This is a concern which not only anti-vaccine travellers would have to deal with but that fact-checkers too would need to contend with, as new misinformation on the subject occur.

    Latest Fact-checks

    False! Michael Essien did not lose 1 million followers over LGBTQI post 

    In the heat of the many-sided LGBTQI+ discussions in Ghana, popular Ghanaian footballer, Michael Essien, showed his support for the LGBTQI+ community in Ghana in an Instagram post. Many websites, thereafter, claimed that Essien had lost over 1 million followers on Twitter following his show of solidarity on social media with groups demanding equal rights for the LGBTQI+ community in Ghana. However, Dubawa found this claim to be false. Click here for the full fact-check

    Fact-checking Africa Facts Zone’s Claims on Ghana’s Global and African Positioning: A Case of over oversimplification

    A Facebook post by Africa Facts Zone made a number of claims on Ghana’s African and global positioning. It stated that the country has free education and free basic healthcare, and serves as the world’s fastest growing economy in 2019 and 2018, Africa’s third most peaceful country, Africa’s third strongest currency, Africa’s fourth most powerful country, and Africa’s fourth cheapest internet.

    After the indication from the owner of the page IsimaOdeh to Dubawa that the claims were based on basic google research, Dubawa fact-checked the claims and found some to be true and others false. Click here for the full fact-check

    Purported CNN bulletin photo claiming vaccinated COVID-19 patients eat other patients in hospital is fabricated 

    A photo purporting to be a CNN live bulletin claiming that hospitals were on lockdown as the first COVID-19 vaccine patients started eating other patients  was found to be fabricated. Not only was the photo found to be fabricated, but the claims were also found to be untrue as CNN had made no such reports. Read the full fact-check here

    False: NaCCA has not approved Golden Publication’s, English for Basic 4, for distribution or use

    Some Ghanaian Twitter users have been caught in a debate over a textbook purported to be approved by Ghana Education Service (GES) and National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NaCCA) for teaching Basic school pupils with a method that suggests promoting the association and stereotype of Ewes to the use of juju or vodoo. Dubawa spoke to officials at the Ghana Education Service and the Director-General of the National Council for Curriculum Assessment and found the claim to be false. Read the full fact-check here

    Explainers and Media Literacy Articles 

    1. Dealing With the New Phase Of COVID-19 Infodemic – The Vaccine Misinformation Wave 
    2. Ghana set to begin Covid-19 Vaccination Programme – Dubawa Ghana
    3. The law of ‘double honourable mention’: Becoming a Minister of State in Ghana

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  • Purported CNN bulletin photo claiming vaccinated COVID-19 patients eat other patients in hospital is fabricated

    Claim: A photo purported to be a CNN live bulletin claims that hospitals are on lockdown as first vaccinated COVID-19 patients have started eating other patients. 

    False. The photo making the claims is fabricated and has been online since at least February 2019 – before the COVID-19 pandemic and was in relation to an emergency room of a hospital that had a teenager who was shot. CNN has made no such reports of hospitals on lockdown due to COVID-19 vaccine patients eating other patients.

    Full text

    Following the roll out of COVID-19 vaccination by a number of countries including Ghana to help reduce the transmission of COVID-19, a photo of what appears to be a surgical ward with blood spills is circulating on social media in Ghana and elsewhere with an accompanying allegation that hospitals are on lockdown as the first vaccinated COVID-19 patients have started eating other patients. This photo is purported to be from a CNN live broadcast. 

    The photo shared by a Ghanaian-based Twitter user, who humorously added that by June we will start fighting zombies, is shown below:

    Verification

    Through a Google Reverse Search, Dubawa uncovered that the photo was originally shared by New York times on February 14th, 2019, before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The actual narrative around the photo tells the tragic shooting of a teenager who later died at the emergency department of Temple University Teaching hospital after efforts to resuscitate him failed. 

    The image was hence, a depiction of the emergency room the teenager died in. 

    The original image as shared by the New York Times on February 14th, 2019

    Though the claimant took nothing out of the photo, it was observed that there was, however, a deliberate effort to alter the image quality so it can perfectly fit into the purported narrative.  Thus, when Dubawa analysed the claimant’s version of the photo on Forensically, results show massive noise proliferation on the image. It was deliberately filtered to be blurry and cloudy so that it can  fit into the fabricated CNN frame. 

    Image 1

    Image 1 shows the result of analysis carried out on the claimant’s purported image.  Assessed on the noise amplitude level of 55% and the Opacity level 0.54%, findings reveal the blurry and hazy shade of noise added to the photo as rather traced in image 2 below. 

    Image 2

    Image 2 shows the results of analysis carried out on the original image. Also assessed on the noise amplitude level of 55% and the Opacity level 0.54%, findings reveal a level of clarity and transparency as compared to image 1. 

    A closer look at image one and two reveals the obvious differences between the two pictures. Even more, other multiple images are taken out of context; and their quality altered just to be forced into another different narrative, such as in this case, to mislead unsuspecting members of the public. 

    Additionally, there is no identified report online of CNN making such claims of a hospital’s lockdown because of alleged first vaccinated COVID-19 patients starting to eat other patients. Rather, what was found, was an application that facilitated such misleading content. The application, Media Photo Frames;  Breaking News App Photo Editor, allows for users of the application to fabricate any story as breaking news to be attributed to the available media frames. 

    Furthermore, the claim making rounds on Ghanaian social media space was found to have also circulated on other platforms across the world in December last year. This has consequently been debunked by several fact-checking platforms such as Times of India,  India Today, and AFP already. 

    Conclusion 

    The photo purporting that first vaccinated COVID-19 patients have started to eat other patients is false. The photo first circulated before the pandemic and is originally from a report in February 2019 showing an emergency department of Temple University Teaching hospital’s attempts to resuscitate a shot teenager. CNN has made no such reports of hospitals on lockdown due to COVID-19 vaccine patients eating other patients .

  • Is the transmission of Covid-19 possible through sewage systems?

    Members of the WhatsApp community have been warned of the risks in contracting the Covid-19 virus through their sewage systems, connected to their homes through bath tubs, toilets and drains.

    This would by extension render even those in isolation and self-confined individuals at risk of contracting the deadly disease.

    The message reads thus:

    Image Source: WhatsApp

    Verification

    Claim 1: Dutch Authorities found the virus in sewage systems.

    Mostly true. Although the Dutch study found the coronavirus within their sewer system, there was no mention of the virus growth and multiplication within the study.

    Verification:

    A study conducted on sewage samples from seven(7) cities and the airport in the Netherlands on the presence of coronavirus in sewage discovered that the virus that causes the Covid-19 disease was present in wastewater. This study was the first report of detection of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage.

    What does finding the virus in sewage mean?

    This means that one or more people in the community likely excreted the virus through urine, faeces or by coughing or sneezing. This is detected through molecular tests such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests which can detect the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus via fragments of genetic material (RNA) in wastewater.  

    Claim 2: Covid-19 can be transmitted through exposure to wastewater.

    Insufficient evidence. The WHO says there is no evidence that Covid-19 has been transmitted through sewerage systems. Some studies however suggest transmission may be possible under certain conditions. 

    Verification:

    According to information accessed on March 9th, 2021 on the updated questions and answers section of the World Health Organization (WHO) website, there is no evidence that the COVID-19 virus has been transmitted through sewerage systems.

    However, some studies, including one by Amoah, Kumari and Bux (2020), found that exposure to untreated wastewater within those two days after viral shedding may lead to potential infections. This study also highlights the potential risk of infection for workers in wastewater treatment facilities and even in the public through faulty plumbing and bursting of sewer networks.

    People who work with sewage have therefore been advised to avoid direct contact with sewage and to avoid ingesting, swallowing, or inhaling spray or mist from the water as it contains various pathogens.

    Claim 3:  Covid-19 in sewerage systems can be curbed by pouring bleach into drains and other sewage outlets.

    Insufficient evidence. High concentrations of disinfectants in wastewater can destroy the coronavirus because of the fragile outer membrane of the virus. Research however indicates that doing so  may jeopardize scientific research and affect the treatment plants. 

    Verification:

    Many chemical disinfectants like bleach work against the novel coronavirus, but it is important to use them properly and never ingest them or apply them to your skin.

    The Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization recommend using a bleach solution as a way to disinfect areas contaminated with the novel coronavirus. It is however unclear whether the use of bleach in drains and toilets can completely eradicate the virus. Studies indicate that wastewater treatment processes can inactivate the virus in the wastewater but this is mostly on a larger scale. Individually, disinfectants used in home drains can support removal of the virus from the direct tubes and drains but reports also suggests that  the use of bleach may also cause a stall in scientific research on the virus as bleach will kill the ribonucleic acid(RNA) of the virus. 

    Can wastewater find its way into your home?

    Yes. Waste material can find its way into homes. This is called a sewer backup; this happens when water is pushed back into homes through pipes from the sewer or drainage systems. Backups can be caused by clogging or blockage of a city’s mains or a building’s plumbing system , old sewer systems etc. For instance, flushing materials like diapers or sanitary towels in toilet bowls has the potential of causing a blockage and possibly a backup. 

    This occurrence is potentially dangerous as it can cause infections or diseases because it lets off air-borne contaminants as well as physical contaminants. The inhalation of the vapors alone is dangerous as toxins are released into the air. Additionally, some diseases can be caused from bacteria, viruses and parasites that may surface because of sewer backups like salmonellosis, gastroenteritis, threadworm infection, hookworm infections among others. Proper maintenance of the sewage system is necessary to avoid such incidents. 

  • Ghana set to begin Covid-19 Vaccination Programme

    On Wednesday 24 February 2021 the first consignment of COVID-19 vaccines arrived in Ghana. According to the Ministry of Information, 600,000 doses of COVID-19 AstraZeneca vaccines made by the Serum Institute of India (Covishield) was delivered to the government of Ghana, where deployment of the vaccines is scheduled to start on March 2, 2021 among the segmented population in the country.

    A week prior to this, on Friday, 19 February 2021, the Ministry of Information moderated a public engagement on the government of Ghana’s COVID-19 vaccination roll out plan.

    According to Dr. Kwame Amponsa-Achiano, the Programme Manager, Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ghana Health Service, the vaccine deployment which will be staggered in three phases is based on the assumption that the global supply will span a long period. In view of this, the strategy has groupings for the deployment from March to October 2021. 

    Group 1 are considered people at most risk and includes health care workers, frontline security personnel, persons with underlying health conditions, 60 and above persons, and frontline members of the executive, legislative and judiciary. 

    Group 2 includes the rest of the executive, legislative and judiciary, other essential service providers such as rest of security agencies, water supply agencies, electricity supply services, teachers and students, supply and distribution of fuels, farmers and food value chain, telecommunication services, air traffic and civil aviation services, meteorological services, air transport services, waste management services, media, public and private commercial transport services, the police service, the Armed Forces, Prisons Service, Immigration Service, National Fire Service, and the CEPS division of the rest of Ghana Revenue Authority.

    Group 3 includes rest of the general public (all persons 18 years and above excluding pregnant women)

    Group 4 includes pregnant women and persons under 18 years when an approved vaccine for this group is found. 

    Also, for all such persons considered, the vaccines will be deployed either via outreach, mobile, static, campout or a combination of all. More specifically, the following strategies will be deployed for the following groups as shown below:

    Target groupsPotential delivery strategyPotential vaccination sites
    Health workersFixed sitesHealth centres, hospitals (public and private)
    60+ personsFixed and outreach sites Temporary/ mobile clinicsMass campaignsHealth centres, hospitals, outreach points, pharmacies, marketplace and other public places, drive-through 
    Persons with underlying medical conditions Fixed sites and outreach sitesTemporary/mobile clinicsPrimary health care facilities, outpatient clinics, hospitals, workplaces, through mobile teams for those confined at home, other public and private establishments 
    Other target groups Fixed site and outreach sitesTemporary / mobile clinics Mass campaigns Any of above plus special strategies to reach specialised population groups 
    Source: Expanded Programme on Immunisation, Ghana Health Service 

    Additionally, the regions mapped out for the administering of the initial doses are ‘Greater Accra metro’ and ‘Greater Ashanti metro’ with ‘Western’ to follow next. This is based on the regional active cases and cumulative cases of COVID-19 over the period of March 2020 to February 2021 which showed these segmented regions to have recorded the highest cases in the country.

    On account of the task ahead, Dr. Amponsa-Achiano added that there will be a deployment of 12,471 vaccinators, 37,413 volunteers and 2079 team supervisors for a planned two rounds of vaccination campaign. Training for the vaccination team will be restricted to smaller groups of both virtual and in-person practical approaches. To ensure vaccine safety, there will also be active and passive surveillance during and post campaign.

    Also, he stated that to be considered fully vaccinated in Ghana, one is required to have two doses of the vaccines.

    Conclusion:

    It is expected that public engagement on the COVID-19 vaccination roll out plan will be held periodically by the appropriate institutions in order to continually address outstanding concerns of citizens and convey government’s intentions on vaccination concurrently especially as the first consignment of vaccines have already arrived in the country. By so doing, it also equally immunizes the Ghanaian community against any potential vaccination misconception and misinformation. 

    Till then, for the minds still battling with vaccine hesitancy, as Dr. Yaw Bediako, an Immunologist and Research fellow at WACCBIP, assured, vaccines, are simple, safe, and effective as they:

    1. protect people against harmful diseases before they come into contact with them. 

    2. use the body’s natural defences to build resistance to specific infections and make the immune system stronger.

  • Handle With Care: Your Mask Is A Potential Covid-19 Infection Hub!

    Since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, the wearing of masks and other protective protocols have been imposed on citizens in the various countries affected by the virus. 

    This is the case in Ghana as well and much more so now that figures of daily infections have risen exponentially with the country’s active case count reaching 8216 by February 10 as reported by the Ghana Health Service.

    Source: Ghana Health Service (Twitter)

    However, although more people are taking the wearing of masks more seriously, as stated during the Live Press Briefing on February 9th 2021, there isn’t much regard for the directives regarding the use of the mask and care during and after the use of the mask.

    First, it is important to note that the mask is only part of a more comprehensive strategy to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus. It is not the sole requirement and must, as such, be used with the other measures like frequent hand washing with soap, the use of sanitizers in the absence of water and soap, physical distancing, coughing or sneezing into the elbows  among others.

    Some issues identified with the use of masks in Ghana

    • Disposal of masks

    A fair number of  Ghanaians do wear their masks  but what is worrying is the way the masks are handled as the risks associated with improper handling of masks are grossly underestimated.  As an occasional commuter,  I have come across individuals who keep on damaged and defaced disposable masks, disregarding the disposability of the product.

    I have observed drivers of public transport take off and hang their masks on their rear view mirrors, put it back on with no regard for where their hands have been and repeat the process over and over again.

    Medical masks are to be disposed of after use or once damaged. 

    • Familiarisation with mask users

    Another issue is regarding certain individuals as safe. For people who share spaces, like families and co-workers, there is the tendency to overlook certain cautions as there is likely a familiarisation or sharing system in place. I have personally caught myself reaching to take my mother’s mask or basically any mask at home because I am feeling lazy or need to dash out quickly. This is absolutely risky as it is impossible to know what that mask has come contact with. Familiarisation should be cut out when handling masks or other protective items especially during the Covid-19 pandemic.

    • Disregard for severity of the need for caution

    While it is important to keep our masks on at all times when in public, it is almost impossible to do so during the entirety of the wearing period. Therefore, the state of one’s hands before and after putting on the mask, removing or adjusting the mask could save the wearer from potential infection. The World Health Organisation (WHO) says that people are to ensure hands are clean before picking up and wearing the mask.  There can be a transfer of the virus from your hand to the mask or from the mask onto your hand. It is that technical.

    Likewise, during the period in which the mask is worn, there is the possibility of the mask sliding down while laughing or talking and this may require readjustment. It is almost automatic to quickly adjust it and go back to whatever was occupying the individual’s time but  hands need to be disinfected prior to doing that. This is because the virus, if on the surface of the mask, can be transferred from the mask to your hand and consequently to other things like your phone, bag, hair etc.

    This also applies to aftercare once reaching a safe space. It is important to wash hands or sanitize immediately after taking your mask off and disposing it. 

    As the virus cannot be seen with the naked eye, it is impossible to know when you come into contact with someone who has the virus or something, like a surface, on which the virus has settled. (It is safe to say that being a germaphobe is allowed now😅)

    It is important to note that masks are not antiviral and do not kill the coronavirus.

    WHO guidelines on masks usage

    Since the how of wearing medical masks and cloth masks have been established, focus needs to be drawn to other factors associated with its use, such as storage, cleaning and disposal. The World Health Organisation(WHO) has listed the following as guidelines for the use of masks:

    • Clean your hands before you put your mask on, as well as before and after you take it off, and after you touch it at any time.
    • Make sure it covers both your nose, mouth and chin. 
    • When you take off a mask, store it in a clean plastic bag, and every day either wash it if it’s a fabric mask, or dispose of a medical mask in a trash bin.
    • Don’t use masks with valves.
  • Yes, studies support possibility of temperature as factor in transmission and spread of Covid-19

    Claim: Temperature and enclosed spaces affect the transmission of coronavirus.

    Mostly True. Although some literature supports the claim that temperature can affect the reduction or increase in coronavirus transmission, a lot is still yet to be proven in this regard.

    Full Text

    As the coronavirus began working its way through countries, many myths and theories were spread about the virus. Some of these claimed that eating garlic could kill the virus; that consuming hot peppery soups could prevent the virus, and a host of others. Most of these claims were later found to be false.

    A very prominent theory that circulated and had some countries at ease when the pandemic started was that the Covid-19 virus could not survive or spread in a hot or sunny climate.

    A tweet by a radio personality seems to have revived the conversation.

    “So last year, who ankasa come lie we say covid-19 no go catch Africans cos here hot.”

    The post has since generated many comments on the platform.

    A video of a former deputy Health Minister, Dr. Okoe Boye during an interview, stating some hypothesis on how temperature can affect the spread and intensity of Covid-19, was shown as evidence to support the claim. 

    But does temperature really affect the spread of the Covid-19?

    Video Transcript

    “There are two main things and remember we are still studying the virus so most of the claims are hypothetical not empirical from established studies. But there are two observations that have been made strongly that facilitates spread and even intensity of disease.

    The first one being the temperature, cold climate. That is why in most countries they predicted that they might have a second wave in the winter.”

    Verification

    The comments on Twitter seemed to give the impression that the video in question was from last year. Although similar claims were made last year, the video showing of Dr Boye is recent.

    A longer version of the video showed that the excerpt came from CitiTV’s The Big Issue which aired on January 17th, 2021.

    The discussion that brought out Okoe Boye’s statement was in line with the reopening of schools and risks associated with it.

    Transcript

    Interviewer:

    “You made a point about concentration of particles in enclosed spaces. Fortunately, a lot of our schools are not under trees. Perhaps these are one of the instances where we can be happy about schools under trees but fortunately or unfortunately we don’t have instances where we have schools under trees. A lot of the schools, a huge majority are enclosed. What is the government’s plan? What are the measures put in place by the government to ensure that should any of the kids or students have it; I mean be it asymptomatic or not, given that they are in an enclosed space, this will not degenerate, the infection rate will not go up or that person will not infect a lot of their colleges.”

    Okoe Boye:

    “There are two main things and remember we are still studying the virus so most of the claims are hypothetical not empirical from established studies. But there are two observations that have been made strongly that facilitates spread and even intensity of disease.

    The first one being the temperature, cold climate. That is why in most countries they predicted that they might have a second wave in the winter.  The second one is an enclosed, If the structure of your community enclosed type, the rate of transmission is higher. And what do i mean by the closed type? If you go to Europe, most markets, if you want to go and buy, it’s not an open market like Agbogbloshi or makola where… you go to an enclosed space…  Luckily, how many schools”

    Two claims were deduced from Dr Boye’s response:

    1. Enclosed spaces promote the spread of Covid-19
    2. Temperature affects spread and intensity of disease

    Are there existing hypothetical studies to support Okoe Boye’s claims?

    Yes.

    A study by  Peng Shi, Yinqiao Dong, Huanchang Yan, Xiaoyang Li, Chenkai Zhao, Wei Liu, Miao He, Shixing Tang and Shuhua Xi titled, The impact of temperature and absolute humidity on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – evidence from China, investigated the impact of temperature and absolute humidity on the Covid-19 outbreak in 31 provincial-level regions in mainland China. Data was gathered between January 20th and February 29th, 2020. Findings revealed that the lowest daily incidence of the coronavirus was at -10 °C and highest at 10 °C. COVID-19 incidence changed with temperature as daily incidence decreased when the temperature rose. Also, a modified susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (M-SEIR) model confirmed that transmission rate decreased with the increase of temperature, leading to further decrease of infection rate and outbreak scale.

    These findings were similar to Mecenas et al’s (2020) study, Effects of temperature and humidity on the spread of COVID-19: A systematic review and Wu et al’s (2020), Effects of temperature and humidity on the daily new cases and new deaths of COVID-19 in 166 countries and many others who also report positive decrease in transmission with increased temperature.

    However, the World Health Organization(WHO), has stated firmly that there is currently no conclusive evidence that either weather or climate have a strong impact on transmission of the virus. This is proven in the fact that the disease has been transmitted in all regions of the world, from dry, cold, hot or humid climates.

    With regards to enclosed spaces increasing risk of infection, studies also exist to support this.

    Bhagat et al in their 2020 study, Effects of ventilation on the indoor spread of COVID-19,  found that existing data indicates that indoor transmission of the virus far exceeds outdoor transmission. This, the study indicates may be due to longer exposure times and the decreased turbulence levels (and therefore dispersion) found indoors. This suggests that indoor or enclosed spaces do have the tendency to increase transmission of the coronavirus. 

    This is supported in another study that suggests that it is very critical to prevent overcrowding and to also allow adequate ventilation and filtration of circulating air in buildings to mitigate the transmission of the coronavirus. This suggestion is made in the study, Understanding of Aerosol Transmission of COVID 19 in Indoor Environments, by Barro et al (2020). 

    Additionally, respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes and person-to-person close contact are some of the main modes of transmission identified. This could account for enclosed spaces being sources of infection in some way.

    The case of Ghana

    Ghana has recorded a relatively high number of Covid-19 cases regardless of the high temperatures experienced here. But has the temperature supported the moderately better record of deaths and confirmed cases in comparison to countries with colder temperatures?

    According to endcoronavirus.org, some of the countries that are beating coronavirus are Australia, the Bahamas, Brunei, Djibouti, Iceland among others while Burkina Faso, Chile and Canada are at the other end of the stick.  These countries range from hot to cold climates on both sides of the coin. Canada for instance is currently -11°C while Burkina Faso is at 37°C and yet, both countries are considered countries not doing well in battling the Covid-19 pandemic. Same can be said for Iceland which presently records a temperature of -3°C and Djibouti with its 29°C and yet both are tagged as countries beating the coronavirus.

    It is, therefore, clear that there is more to the spread of the virus as rightly stated by the WHO and many other health organisations and studies.

    Conclusion

    Okoe Boye is not off in his claims regarding temperature and enclosed spaces as the preceding studies suggest. Boye also provided a caveat in his statement that suggests that he may be wrong as the claims he made are based on theoretical studies, making the claim to merit a mostly true  status.

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